Typical ingredients in a pre-workout powder include: * **Caffeine:** Stimulates the central nervous system, increases alertness, and improves concentration.
* **L-Citrulline** (or citrulline malate): Counteracts fatigue, improves blood flow ("pump"), and aids recovery.
* **Beta-Alanine:** Increases muscle strength and endurance and may cause a mild tingling sensation under the skin.
* **Creatine:** Plays a role in supplying energy to the muscles, promotes physical performance during high-intensity, high-intensity exercise, and can increase muscle growth.
* **L-Arginine:** Improves blood flow, increases nutrient and oxygen transport to the muscles, and can increase muscle strength.
* **L-Glutamine:** Can be converted into glucose (gluconeogenesis) to provide the body with new energy when glucose stores are depleted.